Physiological Disorders Essay

In this assignment I will be looking at the nature of two named physiological disorders. I will explain its sign and symptoms and access possible difficulties involved in the diagnosis of the disorders from their signs and symptoms. The two physiological disorders are coronary heart disease and breast cancer. Coronary heart disease: Coronary heart disease is the build-up of plaque such as cholesterol and other fatty substances within the coronary arteries causing a reduced or no supply of oxygen to the heart. The process of plaque lining the coronary arteries is called arteriosclerosis. Coronary heart disease can be caused and triggered by many different factors. These include: Smoking; lifetime smoking roughly doubles your risk of developing heart disease because the chemicals in tobacco get into the bloodstream from the lungs and they damage the blood vessels and other parts of the body. It is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease; High blood pressure; the blood pressure can become dangerous the higher it gets. An increased of blood pressure is an increase of the force of blood against the walls of the arteries and the higher the blood pressure the higher the likelihood the walls of the arteries can become damaged. This can lead to stiffness of the arteries making them less flexible which can lead to the build-up of cholesterol, even after being used on cells the extra gets deposited inside the artery wall lining which can lead to atherosclerosis and this can occur from unhealthy diet intake. Your blood pressure and cholesterol level are also important. All people aged over 40 should have a cardiovascular health risk assessment’ usually available at your GP surgery. If you have a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease, treatment to reduce high blood pressure (hypertension) and/or cholesterol may be advised. Physical activity like exercising helps reduce blood pressure and the likelihood of obesity; Diabetes, people with diabetes have the same risk of developing heart disease as a person who has had a heart attack but who doesn’t have diabetes; obesity, obese individuals are more likely to have high blood pressure, diabetes and high blood fats. If your blood vessel are narrow due to a build-up of atheroma or if the symptoms of coronary heart disease cannot be controlled using medication, surgery may be needed to open up or replace the blocked arteries in severe cases heart transplants may even be needed if the heart is too damaged to function after a serious  build-up of plaque or after a heart attack. Breast cancer: Breast cancer is the serious disorder that is very common amongst both men and women in today’s day and age. In the UK about 1 in 8 women develop breast cancer at some stage of their life and also it is the most common frequently investigated cancer in quality of life studies. The breasts and every other part of our body is made up of millions of individual cells normally they would function to multiply and grow in an orderly way the body has implicated, however in cancer this process goes wrong and dysfunctional cells begin to multiply rapidly and uncontrollably. It has not been proven why exactly the breast cancer is caused however there are many risk factors that are associated with breast cancer which if taken into consideration can help reduce the risk of the likelihood of getting breast cancer. Some of the risk factors: obesity and alcohol abuse; if a woman loses weight and limits alcohol intake, her risk of developing breast cancer may diminish; age, it is most common for women to develop breast cancer at an older age particularly women who have been through menopause and are over the age of 50; and some studies also have shown that diet and vitamins play a role in breast cancer risk the use of antiperspirants containing specific chemicals and environmental chemical use are also uncertain risk factors; previous breast cancer if you have previously has breast cancer you are at higher risk of obtaining and developing the disease again, this can be either in the same breast or in the other one; Alcohol, studies have showed that women who drink alcohol on a daily basis are more likely to develop diseases than those who do not drink at all. If you are concerned about a history of breast cancer in your family you should see GP and they will want to take a family history. Before seeing your GP it is a good idea to try to find out who in your family has been diagnosed with breast cancer at what age they were diagnosed ad their exact blood relationship to you. On the basis of the family history, it is usually possible for your GP to access your risk as either near-normal, moderate or high. If your risk is moderate or high then if you wish you may be referred to be a doctor who is specialist for further assessment and counselling. There are many treatments of breast cancer, the seriousness and the type of cancer will result in what type of treatment is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is given to advanced stage of breast cancer. And it is a nurse role to educate the women receiving chemotherapy about the  names of drugs and they are administered and their side effects. P2- Explain the signs and symptoms related to two named physiological disorders. Coronary heart disease The main symptom of coronary heart disease is angina. Angina is chest pain that occurs when the blood supply to the muscles of the heart is restricted. It usually happens because the arteries supplying the heart become hardened and narrowed. This can be a mild, uncomfortable feeling similar to indigestion. However, a severe angina attack can cause a painful feeling of heaviness or tightness, usually in the centre of the chest which may spread to the arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach. It is often triggered by physical activity or stressful situations. Symptoms usually pass in less than 10 minutes and can be relieved by resting or using a nitrate tablet or spray. If your arteries become completely blocked, it can cause a heart attack. A heart attack can cause severe pain in the centre of your chest, which may feel like very bad digestion or you can have mild pain and feel unwell. Symptoms can happen suddenly but sometimes the pain can develop more slowly. Symptoms include: a feeling of heaviness, squeezing or crushing in the centre of your chest, feeling dizzy, feeling breathless and feeling sick or vomiting. The symptoms of a heart attack can be similar to indigestion. A heart attack can happen at any time, including while you are resting and if heart pains last longer than 15 minutes it may be the start of a heart attack. Unlike angina the symptoms of a heart attack are not usually relieved using a nitrate tablet or spray. Heart failure can also occur in people with coronary heart disease when the heart becomes weak to pump blood around the body which can cause fluid to build up in the lungs that makes it increasingly difficult to breathe. The most common signs and symptoms of heart failure are shortness of breath or trouble breathing; fatigue; and swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, stomach and veins in the neck. All of these symptoms are the result of fluid build-up in your body. When symptoms start, you may feel tire and short of breath after routine physical effort like climbing stairs. Breast cancer The usual first symptom is a painless lump in the breast. Most breast lumps are fluid-filled cysts or fibro adenomas which are benign. Benign neoplasms  are often the complication of fibrocystic hyperplasia and common in young women between 18-25 years and rare after the age of 50. However, you should always see a doctor if a lump develops as the breast lump may be cancerous. Other symptoms which may be noticed in the affected breast include: Changes in the size or shape of a breast Dimpling or thickening of some of the skin on a part of a breast The nipple becoming inverted (turning in) Rarely a discharger occurring from a nipple (which may be blood-stained) A rare type of breast cancer, causing a rash around the nipple, which can look similar to a small patch of eczema Rarely, pain in a breast. Pain is not a usual early symptom but many women develop painful breasts and this is not usually caused by cancer. P3- Describe the investigation that are carried out to enable the diagnosis of these physiological disorders? Coronary Heart Disease require many tests and investigations before a diagnosis can be made such as electrocardiogram which is also known as (ECG) is one of the most widely used tests for detecting heart problems with the help of this that regulates the heart cycle of contraction and relaxation. A number of electrodes (small, sticky patches) put on your arms, legs and chest. It’s important to have an electrocardiogram as part of an initial evaluation for any individual who is suspected of or diagnosed with coronary heart disease the test is likely to be repeated periodically to find out the occurrence of heart examinations. In some cases you may have an exercise ECG test or stress test; this is when an ECG recording is taken while you are exercising. If you experience pain while exercising, the test can help identify whether your symptoms are caused by angina which is usually due to CHD. Blood tests pick up abnormalities that influence how well the heart working e.g. they can detect raised levels of cholesterol, which may lead to CHD, abnormal levels of thyroid hormones which can affect the heart muscle cells are damaged in a heart attack. You may need to have a number of blood tests to monitor the activity of the heart; these may include cardiac enzyme tests which ca n show whether there has been recent damage to the heart muscle. An X-ray may be used to look at the heart, lungs and chest wall and this can help rule out any other conditions that may be causing your symptoms. If your doctor feels you are risk of CHD, they may carry out a  risk assessment. This involves asking about your medical and family history, your life style and blood test as I’ve already mentioned. If you have CHD you’re GP or practice nurse can tell you what your ideal weight is in relation to your build and height. Body mass index will be measured. You also need to regular exercise to make your heart and blood circulatory system more efficient, lower your cholesterol level, and also keep your blood pressure at a healthy level Breast Cancer has many investigations that take place before a diagnosis can be made such as a Biopsy is when a sample is taken of lump or abnormal area the biopsy sample is then analysed in a laboratory and the cells are examined this allows the doctors to see exactly what type of cancer it is and whether it’s likely to grow slowly or more quickly. There are many types of biopsies that can be used including core needle biopsy, blood tests and fine needle aspiration and excision biopsy. Scans can measure the size of the cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body or nearby this is called staging the cancer. Once the type and stage of the cancer is known the doctors can discuss with the individual how best to treat them. The different types of scans that can be used include ultrasounds, mammograms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); ultrasound is an imaging technique that used sound waves to create a picture of the breast tissue. It is generally used as a test to a mammogram an ultra sound is the best way to check whether the lump is a solid or filled with fluid a mammogram is one of the most important tools to diagnose breast cancer. It is a breast X-Ray which helps to detect breast cancer, even before there are any obvious signs and symptoms. In the UK, women between 50 and 70 are invited to have a mammogram every three years as part of a national breast screening programme. The procedure is very safe and it doesn’t make more than 20 minutes there is some discomfort and pain in the breasts when the breast is pressed on an upper and lower plate. MRI imaging technology used in the diagnosis of cancer unlike a mammogram that uses X-Rays to get the images of the breast, MRI use magnets and radio waves to create 3D images of the breast tissue. Sometimes a dye is injected in to the individuals arm cancer cells need a large amount of blood supply for their growth and the MRI shows where and whether the dye is concentrated in certain areas indicating cancer cells and the picture it appears as a white dark background. Having investigations for a breast problem can be a  worrying and stressful time. The staff in the clinic will know that you want results as soon as possible and your specialist may be able to tell you what they think the outcome might be. However, the results of all the investigations you’ve had are usually needed before you can be given more detailed information. The clinic will let you know how and when you’ll get your results. M1- Assess possible difficulties involved in the diagnosis of the disorders from their signs and symptoms. There are many possible difficulties that can be involved in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease and one of them is ECG. Even though an ECG is an important test for detecting heart problems it isn’t advisable to have an ECG done every year because there are two reasons for this. The first is that there isn’t yet evidence that routine screening actually improves long-term health outcomes. Secondly, ECGS provide too many false-positive tests, especially in women leading to unnecessary additional tests and too many false-negative tests which lead to missed abnormalities. However, this advice could change in the future depending on new evidence from the clinical trials. People who are older or out of shape have arthritis, lung disease, vascular disease or other medical conditions or those who cannot exercise enough to undergo the exercise tolerance test take a phar macologic stress test. In place of exercise patients are given medications that increase the hearts need for blood, allowing doctors to detect blockages that obstruct the supply of blood. However, the test is considered safe for most people. Problems that can be involved in the diagnosis of breast cancer can include many women finding having a mammography to be uncomfortable or even painful but this is normally just for a short time. However some women may find that the pain or soreness lasts for a few days. Mammograms can sometimes show an abnormal area in the breast that is later found not to be a cancer when further tests are carried out. This is known as a false-positive result. It takes a lot of time to get the results for further tests and it can be a very worrying time and some women may continue to feel anxious even after they’ve been told they don’t have breast cancer (negative result). About 1 in 10 women who have breast screening will have an abnormal result and be asked to go for further tests. The tests may include more mammograms, ultrasound scans or biopsies of the  breast tissue which can cause pain or scarring. Most of the women asked back for further tests won’t have breast cancer. 1 or 2 mammograms to be takes again for various reasons including the following; The x-ray picture is blurred and cannot be read by the doctor; there is some kind of equipment failure for example the machine that processes the x-ray films breasts down however this is very rare. The mammogram missed part of the breast and it needs to be retakes so that the whole breast can be seen. Although mammography is the most effective and reliable way of detecting breast cancer early, it is not always perfect. A breast cancer may not be detected by mammogram because some cancers are very difficult to see on the x-ray and the person reading the x-ray may miss the cancer. This will happen very rarely no matter how experienced the person reading the x-ray is. So, to reduce the risk of a cancer being missed all mammograms are looked at by two people. Reference http://www.patient.co.uk/health/preventing-cardiovascular-diseases http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Symptoms.aspx http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/signs.html http://www.breastcancercare.org.uk/breast-cancer-information/breast-awareness/referral-breast-clinic/mammogram-ultrasound-scan-core-biopsy-fna

New Business Venture: Music Academy

Introduction/aground After over five years experience working In corporations, four friends have a desire to start their own business because they enjoy creating music and saw the need for music training in downtown Toronto. The music academy would cater specifically to children ages 3-16 specializing in rock music genres preparing them in lessons for â€Å"voice, guitar, keyboard, and percussion so they can perform in their own bands†(Scalable 469).By offering specialized musical theory lessons to the children (public), the music academy can create a niche market segment and obtain a portion f the current musical retail/lesson market share currently share amongst Long and Macaque, Cosmos Music, and Stave's Music. Business Objective The music academy strategic goals include growth, expansion, dominating market share, and profitability. They must fully utilize each other's strengths and weaknesses to begin the business.In order to meet these objectives, the team must cooperate, incorporate effective customer service, and use their passion for music towards teaching, while creating a diversified musical learning environment. Current Situation and Problem/Opportunity Statement Environmental scanning and market research yielded results that indicated that the music academy is currently positioned in a busy location with high traffic and opportunities include a need for specialized guitar lessons in the rock music genre. In order to capitalized the opportunity for growth and compete with current music retail/lesson businesses (I. . Long and Macaque), It would be advisable for the music academy to offer a selection of musical Instruments and accessories available for sale to the general public that Include both purchasing and financing options. The current team has the necessary skills for musical instruction involving bass, keyboard, vocals, guitar, and drums. A potential problem that poses a threat would be access to capital and making sure that the initial investment costs are covered â€Å"after two years in business†(Scalable 470).Critical Assumptions and Constraints This project requires strong participation of each music business members and the children. The four friends who participated In this music business should be able to work In a team and understand teaching children. The children must show improvement to prove the music training's effectiveness. Most members need to learn some teaching skills and training because of their lack of experience. Some members will still have other employment, so there is a need for pre-arranged shifts.Different courses with different teachers will be offered because of the members different skill set. Analysis of Options and Recommendation Our three options for our new business: 1 . Start the business immediately, since the key people are ready to build a music academy, a bass teacher who has experience of few paid gigs and also knows the aboard, a guitar teacher who can also record an d edit CDC, a singing teacher who also knows how to work a crowd, and a drum teacher who is also a music teacher in the middle school.The business can start right away according to the original plan. 2. Hold the business until there are enough staffs and Investments to start. Since there opening, until all the preparations are finished. 3. Do not start the business at all. Since the members all have Jobs and are doing well on their own, they do not really need to take the risk to start this business. Preliminary Project Requirements The main requirements of this project include the following: 1 . The business needs the initial investment amount. . The business needs cooperation of all team members. 3. The business needs a place to rent, and musical equipment. 4. Each team member needs to arrange his or her schedule because of different availabilities. 5. Each team member must be trained to teach children because not everyone knows how. Budget Estimate and Financial Analysis A prelim inary estimate of costs for the entire project is $100,000 for the first year. Most of the costs come from salaries, $108,000, then operating costs, $60,000.

The Change in Male and Female Roles Before & Today Essay

The Change in Male and Female Roles Before & Today - Essay Example Speaking of social expectations for both, males are expected to provide for the family or pay for dates at all times while females are to manage the children, the household, and provide emotional support (Jaffari, TTS Holistic Counselor Mehdi, n.d.) Looking at the male and females roles in relationships today in contrast to what I have mentioned above, there has been a lot of reversal of roles. Females today are not secluded to giving signals when showing interest in a guy. Being direct and honest about the feeling, verbally or inaction is already welcome. When it comes to courtship, males are not the only ones who does the pursuing. There are a lot of aggressive girls today who will do everything to get what she wants, and taking a guy out for dates have started to be a common thing. When it comes to male and female responsibilities, males are not the only ones expected to bring in food in the table. Instead, women today are more empowered to take on a job and a journey towards self-actualization that does not stop when she finally gets married.

Project Time Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Project Time Management - Research Paper Example or organizations are undertaking project management, they are feeling the pressure from the governments, policymakers, and public to finalize the project as soon as possible. In case of private organizations, there are both internal and external pressures, which force the project managers to meet deadlines and utilize the resource of time effectiveness (Sen, 2008). Many projects regarding new product development have to use time effectively so that the competitors do not come up with similar innovations before them. Therefore, the bottom line here is that time management has emerged as important determinant of project success in the 21st century. This explains why over the past few decades, great deal of literature has surfaced about project time management and its different processes stressing its importance and need (Lock, 2007; Lewis, 2007). Importance and Development As mentioned earlier that in today’s competitive business world, efficiency is the key a large proportion o f this efficiency depends upon time management. Effective time management reduces not only the costs but it may also reduce potential conflicts as well. For example, if the workers are billing you as a project manager at an hour rate, effective management may reduce the costs (Kerzner, 2009). In the same way, if the project manager takes more time than usual and then bills you as the client for greater number of hours then that may create tension and poor word of mouth advertising. The fact is that when it comes to other resources, such as building, cash, human resource, IT, and others, corporations and companies have found a way to store them and utilize them on their terms but the same is not true in case of time. Therefore, project managers have to utilize time without any delay since it... For example, Gantt charts may suit small projects but for large projects with more than 30 activities, it may become troublesome to handle. Furthermore, Gantt chart also does not communicate anything about the magnitude of different activities. Gantt charts have also received criticism for their inability to follow the 100 percent rule which the activities divided usually fail to account for 100 percent performance of the actual project either adding more elements or leaving out the existing ones (Meredith & Mantel, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In simple words, critical path method is a time management technique in project management, which allows project managers to understand the shortest and longest time required for the completion of each project. The first step entails specifying all the individual activities concerned with the completion of the project. The second stage has to with determining the sequence of those activities (Sen, 2008). Third, in light of the sequence, at this stage, one would draw a network diagram showing the flow of activities. Fourth, at the same time, taking into account all the overlapping, at this stage, the manager would calculate the total time required for completing each activity. Fifth, the most important step is about identifying the critical path or the longest path (Portny, et al., 2007; Leach, 2005). The same is done by evaluating the four elements about each activity, which are earliest start time, earliest finish time, latest finish time , and latest start time.

Starbucks Structure Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks Structure - Case Study Example This paper highlights that Starbucks prides itself in employing people who like the company’s product: coffee. The company does not advertise for servers but for baristas or bar persons. Together with the coffee they love, a barista stays behind the counter. The Starbucks employee is expected to prepare beverages, provide friendly service to customers and come up with ideas to improve operations. An applicant must have at least a high school diploma. He or she must have worked at least six months in the food and beverage industry. He or she must also be outgoing, confident, able to multi-task and enjoy coffee. Because it has expanded globally Starbucks should employ departmentalization by geographic region. This type of departmentalization is appropriate for organizations with different locations. This type allows â€Å"managerial efforts that address territorial differences† as one strategy which had worked for one branch may not be suitable for the other branches in a nother part of the world. As the discussion declares the form should not be changed in stores with lunches and food products. Although departmentalization by product or customer may seem appropriate for these Starbucks stores because food products and lunches are not available in all stores, I think departmentalization by geographic area already provides enough flexibility to the store managers, district managers and vice presidents to make decisions they think would be beneficial for their stores. Taking the example of stores with lunches and food products, the group specific to the Asian region may take note that unlike people in the Western region, their customers prefer having rice or noodles for lunch rather than bread. As such, they should try to cater to this demand rather than go against a culturally staple item.  

Research Diary 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Research Diary 5 - Essay Example I therefore, think that by correctly addressing the letter and using language that is non-offending and is able to send the desired message are important principles of writing business letters. Using rhetoric approach in business writing has emerged as critical issue because it exploits the tenets of human psychology to ensure that the basic purpose of writing business letter is accomplished with high success. Rhetoric enables individuals to use persuasive language that adds to the effectiveness of written discourse. According to Aristotle, the three appeals of rhetoric are ethos, pathos and logos (2011). Ethos conveys writer’s credibility, pathos appeals emotionally and logos use rationalization to emphasize their points. The three paradigms of writing are therefore vital ingredients that significantly lend credibility to the writer and the written discourse. Consequently, business writing exploits rhetoric principles to communicate effectively one’s intended message to persuade the reader and exhort desired response. These are essential benefits of rhetoric approach in business writing. The various methods of persuasion become highly crucial imperatives as they tend to provide information and send appeal in manner that clearly rationalizes the issues so that reader is convinced. If the business letter lacks conviction and strong logical explanations, the reader is not able to understand the points raised and fails to respond appropriately or as desired. Thus, the very purpose of writing business letter fails and writer is not able to achieve his/her goal. As such, effective business writing becomes important for communicating the desired message in manner that requires least effort in understanding the core issue by the reader/ audience. The success of project completion relies heavily on effective teamwork and strong communication channels within team members.

'Smart Film'. Case study on Fight Club and Donnie Darko Essay

'Smart Film'. Case study on Fight Club and Donnie Darko - Essay Example This paper defines what Sconce means by this term, â€Å"Smart Film,† showing how it emerges out of both classical and art film cinema history, and provides some examples from two key films which have been categorized within this genre. There is then a discussion of the validity of the term, considering several possible objections to this classification. Finally, the paper concludes that the term â€Å"Smart film† is a valid genre descriptor, so long as it is understood in the ironic way that Sconce originally intended, and not as an indicator of quality or status. One of the main features of the â€Å"Smart Film† is the absence of a single plot line, or main character to unify the action. The way that the characters relate to each other is more complex, and the audience has to work harder to make sense of the connections and dis-connections that appear on the screen. This shift of focus from more traditional linear approaches is described by Sconce as a narrativ e style â€Å"centering not on a central unifying character’s dynamic action (as in classic Hollywood cinema) nor on relatively passive observations (as in previous art cinema), but rather on a series of seemingly random events befalling a loosely related set of characters.† (Sconce, 2002, 362) ... Kristin Thompson argues that this has been a tendency of blockbuster movies right through the 1970s and 1980s: â€Å"... Hollywood continues to succeed through its skill in telling strong stories based on fast-paced action and characters with clear psychological traits. The ideal American film still centers around a well-structured, carefully motivated series of events that the spectator can comprehend relatively easily.† (Thompson, 1999, 8) This so-called â€Å"classical† style of movie production endures because it has become the accepted â€Å"norm† for the majority of film audiences. Thompson acknowledges the importance of episodic films, and the emergence of post-modern cinema, which breaks with many of these traditions, but maintains that Hollywood will doubtless continue to be fascinated by genres such as the action film which tend to be both â€Å"formulaic† and â€Å"overblown† (Thompson, 1999, 338) The impact of non-classical films like Ta rantino’s Pulp Fiction, has, according to Thompson, been minimal, leaving a legacy which encourages imitators to dwell on the extremes of sex and violence rather than engage in novel approaches to narrative structure. Thompson makes valid points, but the â€Å"Smart Film† genre shows that some independent film-makers working together with the large studios have managed to break away from the stranglehold of classical expectations. Sconce’s reference to art films, as well as classical film, is highly relevant, and although Sconce is keen to point out the differences between his new genre of â€Å"Smart Films† and the art film genre, there are also many similarities between the two genres. The work of Bordwell has done much to explain the specific art film

Solar Energy Power (Photovoltaic Systems) Dissertation

Solar Energy Power (Photovoltaic Systems) - Dissertation Example The paper tells that solar energy has been the most dominant energy source since the dawn of civilization, though indirectly. But with the rise of industries and heavy machinery, solar energy has lost its importance and the use of fossil fuels has become commonplace. But as early as the 1970s, there have been researchers enjoining governments to find alternative energy sources. For example, in 1971 Farrington Daniels said: As [coil, oil and gas] diminish, atomic and solar energy will eventually become important: atomic energy in large multi-million-dollar installations near large cities and in areas where solar radiation is low, and solar energy in small inexpensive units n rural areas where solar radiation is abundant and the cost of electric transmission is high. Meanwhile in 1973 another researcher, George O.G. Là ¶f said that the man has to find other energy sources as the use of fossil fuel is unsustainable. For him, the development of technology that captures solar power is mu ch more important. He expounds: The raw energy, in the form of electromagnetic radiation, reaches the earth’s atmosphere at a rate of 170 trillion kilowatts. Even after about one-fourth is scattered into space by clouds and dust, the quantity of energy reaching the land area of the United States is more than 700 times the current demand for all types of energy. For Là ¶f, fossil fuels have to be replaced with renewable sources of energy because its inventory is finite and will soon run out. Moreover, as supply of petrol fuels decrease, its cost will increase steeply. More than 40 years after Lof’’s pronouncements, the world is now experiencing the repercussions of the indiscriminate use of petrol fuels. For one, price of petrol fuels are at record high levels. As of April 2, 2012, the price of unleaded petrol is recorded at ?141/liter, up by ?1.5 from the previous week (Department of Energy and Climate Change 2012a). Meanwhile diesel is at ?147.7/liter from ?14 6.6 the previous week (Department of Energy and Climate Change 2012a). As the price of petrol fuels increase, so do the prices of products and services that use it. Proof of this is the updated report released by the Office for National Statistics which rated inflation as of February 2012 at 3.4% and consumer price index for electricity, gas and other fuels at 142.9 compared to 130.3 in December 2011 (Gooding 2012). Aside from the increasing energy prices, there is also the issue of climate change, which is believed to be the outcome of the rapid build-up of greenhouse in the atmosphere because of anthropogenic activities. To avert the devastating effects of climate change, numerous countries adopted the Kyoto Protocol which mandated signatories to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly, carbon (UNFCCC 2012). This has prompted the parliament to pass the first legally binding framework to tackle the dangers of climate change – the Climate Change Act of 2007. But th is was just the start of legislation aimed to protect the environment. In 2008, the first Energy Act was given the Royal Assent to provide support to new technologies aimed at capturing carbon and developing emerging renewable technologies. Thanks to these laws, solar power has been rediscovered and is now one of the most promoted renewable source of energy because it can be found anywhere. In a speech by Greg Barker (2011) he said, â€Å"to date, solar has been by far the most popular technology with consumers. It is easy to see why: it’s simple, accessible, reliable and fits discreetly into homes and communities†. An advocate of decentralized energy generation (or microgeneration), Barker launched the feed-in-tariffs (FITs) for households and communities wanting to install a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. This way, people can invest in â€Å"small-scale low-carbon electricity, in return for a guaranteed payment from an

H.W Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

H.W - Essay Example In other words, several countries have benefited from the trade in various ways. To begin with, the goods that are imported may be of lower prices than those produced domestically. Besides, the imported goods often offer advantages other than lower prices such as better quality or design, higher status and technical features among other reasons. In respect to this, the paper focuses on the countries that have capitalized on international trade and the effects that it has had on their economic growth. The participation of the Far East countries in international trade is remarkable. Evidently, countries such as China, Japan and Korea are developing and expanding at a very fast rate. The fast expansion and development is attributed to international trade. It is worth noting that, since the initiation of economic reforms and the adoption of the open door policy, international trade has resulted in the dramatic growth of a number of countries, China being one of them. The integration of China as a country into the global economy has been attributed to its sustained economic growth in the recent years. It has become a darling to several countries in Europe and in Africa due to its investment programs and the visions it has as a country. The exportation and importation of goods ensured that some of the industries in China had comparative advantages in terms of the level of specialization (Reuvid & Sherlock, 2011). Additionally, international trade has helped achieve a high growth rate of GDP in China, as well as an enormous inflow of hard currency and a dramatic increase in the employment opportunities that have absorbed the high population. Just like the neighbouring countries such as Japan, China’s participation in international trade has also contributed to the improvement in productivity of domestic industries and

Recommendation Brief for an Internal Auditor Essay Example for Free

Recommendation Brief for an Internal Auditor Essay The client has a problem with an out of control system. So, the client is asking for a recommendation to hire an internal auditor. In this recommendation brief the background benefits will be discuss. In the same brief the justifying the benefits of using the internal auditor will be discuss. In conclusion a recommendation on a person whose has the background for the auditor. Benefits of Internal Auditor Before discussing the benefits on internal auditor a definition of internal audit would be discuss. â€Å"An employee of a company charged with providing independent and objective evaluations of the companys financial and operational business activities, including its corporate governance†. (Investopedia, 2013) In addition to financial and operational business, the auditor has to do evaluation on the operation efficacy. The evaluations are reported to the upper level management. The reports could be in the form of recommendation. The recommendation would explain the methods to correct any areas that may not observe the laws and regulations. Benefits of an internal auditor are many. Also the benefits can be seen in the audit itself. According to the Institute of Internal Auditors, under Attribute Standard 2110 Governance the audit would: â€Å"1. Promoting appropriate ethics and values within the organization; 2. Ensuring effective organizational performance management and accountability; 3. Communicating risk and control information to appropriate areas of the organization; and 4. Coordinating the activities of and communicating information among the board, external and internal auditors and management†. (theiia.org, 2013) In addition the IIA states under the performance standard the auditor must do the following: 1. â€Å"Managing and Internal Audit Activities 2. Planning 3. Communication and Approval 4. Resource Management 5. Policies and Procedures 6. Coordination 7. Reporting to Senior Management and the board†.( theiia.org, 2013) The above can be considering benefits because the auditor will ensure that the controls within the system would be running smoothly. The most important benefit of internal auditor would ensure that the audit would how the controls do have the effectiveness towards the risks. These risks would be found in the governance. The controls would 1. Protect the company assets, 2. The effectiveness of operations, 3. Upholding (compliance) of the laws, regulations, policies. Background benefits the client The background benefits can help the client. The auditor would review the out of control system. Once the review is done the auditor could write how to correct the weak area. The review would provide the methods. The auditor has to make a recommendation to the upper level of management. In the recommendation the correct methods need to get the out of the control system into a control system. The benefits for the client is a under control of the system. Once the control system is working properly the company would lower some the risk. Risk like not obeying the regulations established by the government. If the company does not correct the problem then the company would have heavy legal problems. Referring a person for the job The auditor job position needs to be filled. The person who will fill this would need to have a Bachelor in Accounting or Masters in Accounting. At least some experience as a auditor. There will, from time to time, a need to do overtime. Ms. Jane Doe would be an excellent candidate for the auditor position. Ms. Doe has five years experience in auditing. Also, she has a Bachelor’s and Master’s in Accounting. She has been an instructor college level accounting course. Ms. Doe recently receive her CPA license and is available to start right of way. Conclusion Internal Auditor has an important role in a company. The internal auditor would keep the control system up to date. Also make sure the company’s control system does not go out of control. The are several regulations and laws that must be observe. The auditor has communicated, control, evaluate, and protect the company’s assets. The internal audit would show the weak areas or areas that are not in the accordance of the law. The internal auditor would make the necessary recommendation to the upper level management what changes have to be done to meet the laws and regulations. References Full Standards. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.theiia.org/guidance/standards-and-guidance/ippf/standards/full-standards/?search=risk www.investopedia.com. (2013). Definition of Internal Auditor. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/internalauditor.asp

Photography And Social Networking Media Essay

Photography And Social Networking Media Essay Photo sharing  is the publishing or transfer of a users  digital photos  online, thus enabling the user to share them with others (publicly or privately). This function is provided through both websites and applications that facilitate the upload and display of images. The term can also be loosely applied to the use of online photo galleries that are set up and managed by individual users, including  photoblogs. Sharing means that other users can view but not necessarily download the photos, users being able to select different copyright options. The first photo sharing sites originated during the mid to late 1990s primarily from services providing online ordering of prints (photo finishing), but many more came into being during the early 2000s with the goal of providing permanent and centralized access to a users photos.  Webshots,  Yahoo! Photos  and  Flickr  were among the first. (Warren, 2002) A selfie is a picture that people taken of themselves that would be uploaded to Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or any other sort of social networking website. Since nineteen century, self-portraiture had been so popular. But it is hard for the lower class to get a self-portraiture. High quality built-in cameras in smartphones and picture-enhancing apps which is easily to access are making selfies a common form of self-expression among social network users nowadays. (Hourihan, 2002) MySpace has received a significant amount of negative attention from the media and many concerned adults, who point to several isolated incidents where predators have contacted, become involved with and even assaulted adolescents whom they met through the popular social networking web site. Furthermore, concerned parents have expressed discontent with the amount and type of personal and private information youth seem to reveal on their profile pages. In 2006, the authors performed an extensive content analysis of approximately 2423 randomly sampled adolescent MySpace profiles, and found that the vast majority of youth were making responsible choices with the information they shared online. In this follow-up study, the authors revisited the profiles one year later to examine the extent to which the content had changed. Though exceptions occur, youth are increasingly exercising discretion in posting personal information on MySpace and more youth are limiting access to their profile. Mo reover, a significant number of youth appear to be abandoning their profiles or MySpace altogether. (Krishnamurthy, 2002) A recent national survey revealed that 51% of 600 Facebook users are more conscious about their body image after viewing pictures on the social network fuelling fears that social media can negatively affect users self-esteem. According to Doctor Harry Brandt (2012), claims that Facebook is making it easier for people to spend more time and energy criticizing their own bodies and wishing they looked like someone else. Facebook allows us to view our friends pictures and statuses, but this can lead to some of us making unhealthy comparisons between ourselves and others on Facebook. In fact, just over half of the 600 Facebook users surveyed agree that they compare their life to that of their friends when they read status updates and see pictures posted. Doctor Harry Brandt also states that with constant access to the internet it is difficult for people to remove themselves from images and other triggers that lower self-esteem. People make comparisons between themselves and others offline but online we are continually exposed to these images. It probably doesnt help that research shows Facebook users usually post and tag photos of themselves at their best body shape and clothes. The risk is that Facebook is creating an avenue for individuals to compare themselves to others in a detrimental fashion and by doing so poses a serious threat to their users self-esteem. Social network plays a large part in our everyday lives for the majority. the survey showed that 80% of the 600 people surveyed log into Facebook at least once a day. Those who use Facebook frequently are constantly surrounded by images and statuses which could lower their self-esteem. In another study the University of Houston found that there was a link between the amount of time college students spent on Facebook and depressive symptoms. Its not just the amount of time that we spend on using social media that can have an effect on our self-esteem, the number of friends we have on Social media could also have an impact. According to Psychologist Mudra India Muskesh (2000) you should have no more than 354 friends on Facebook. In Mukeshs study those who had just viewed status updates gave themselves lower ratings and those with over 354 friends felt more inadequate in comparison to those with less friends. Is having more friends on Facebook allows people to make more comparisons between themselves and others? Mukesh states that being continually informed of others achievements can make people feel worse about themselves. The above research has shown that using social networks can affect our self-esteem and suggests theres a correlative relationship. Nevertheless, it isnt clear if social networks are creating new self-esteem issues or exacerbating existing ones. Food blogging typically represents a complex interweaving of foodie or gourmet interest in cooking, blog writing and photography. Most food blogs use photos taken by the author and some accounts of food blogging seem to focus on photography in particular: Food bloggers tend to write about travel and restaurants as well as publish domestic food diaries and their own recipes (Robinson, 2009). Some also write cook book reviews. Thus multiple aspects of consumer culture are reflected in writing that draws also on genres from the professional media such as cookery writing, restaurant and book reviewing and travel writing. Food blogging, like mews blogging, seems to reflect a shift from media consumption to production. (DeSolier, 2006) Food blogging is part of a wider growth in forms of writing about food (Brien, 2007), a topic that can be the locus of personal, physical and emotional matters, including concerns about health, well-being and self-esteem and can also engage with global concerns around environmental issues and community building (Brien, 2007). However, much blogging about food specifically reflects foodie culture (Watson et al., 2008). Foodies focus on the aesthetic and the sensual appreciation of food as a form of claim to cultural distinction (De Solier, 2006). Thus Watson et al.s (2008) analysis of one food blog sees it as part of the bloggers search for personal significance and identity through skilled consumption experiences, shared with a community of consumption, other bloggers. Stebbins (2009) recent work has argued that : Consumption and leisure have common ground but are separate worlds, here the two merge. Complex, sustained practices around inventing recipes, making food, appreciating the results, writing about food, and taking pictures combine consumer consumption (food, internet use) and a serious leisure pursuit. In Grant McCrackens (1988) terms, photos can be a tool for displacing meanings that are too fragile and tenuous to be contained in the here and now. By instead claiming these identity statements in the there and then of the tourists travels, they become less subject to interrogation and less demanding of verification. Research also find that, despite the narrative that the tourist photographer imagines delivering at some future time, these tales wind up being more internal tales told to the self than ever finding an audience outside of the immediate family. Our tourist photos are nevertheless selectively taken and retained with an intended audience in mind and are a conscious attempt to manipulate our self-image (Crang, 1999). E-mailed photos as well as photo sharing sites like Flickr and social networking sites, blogs, and web pages may have some greater success in reaching an audience (Schau and Gilly, 2003), and a few of us may also bring selected images to our workplace (Tian and Belk, 2005). According to Rodzvilla (2002) : The fact remains that with the ease of taking photos and the sense of purpose that it gives us to photograph our touristic sights, not to mention the escalating proliferation of photos that result, most of the world will little note, long remember, nor even encounter the self productions we have in mind when we record these images. And as these images become more numerous and more ephemeral in their digital forms, it may well be that we ourselves will never see them again either.

Physics of a Car Essay -- Physics Car Driving machine Essays

Physics of a Car The average driver doesn’t think about what keeps their car moving or what keeps them on the road, but that’s because they don’t have to. The average driver doesn’t have to worry about having enough downforce to keep them on the road or if they will reach the adhesive limit of their car’s tires around a turn. These are the things are the car designers, professional drivers, racing pit crews, serious sports car owners, and physicist think about. Physics are an important part of every sports and racing car design. The stylish curves and ground effects on sports cars are usually there not just for form but function as well allowing you to go speeds over 140 mph in most serious sports cars and remain on the road and in reasonable control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The aerodynamic efficiency is the single most important element in designing a competitive car for professional racing or getting the car model on the front of a Car and Driver or Motortrend. Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of gases on objects and the forces created by this motion. The Bernoulli effect is one of the most important behind car design. The Bernoulli Effect states that the pressure of a fluid, in gaseous or liquid state, varies inversely with speed or velocity and a slower moving fluid will exert more pressure on and object than the same fluid moving slower (Yager). The goal of car designers is to make the air passing under a car move faster than the air passing over the car. This causes the air passing over the car to create more downforce than the air passing under the car creates upforce creating a force additional to the car’s weight pushing the car to the road. Large amounts of downforce are needed to keep light cars grounded at high speed and keep to cars from sliding around turns at high speeds. The Venturi Effect is also an important in aerodynamic design. The Venturi Effect states that as a fluid, in gaseous or liquid state passes through a narrow space its speed increases (Yager). This is the reasoning behind keeping cars as close to the ground as they can be safely. The narrow space between the car and the ground increases the speed of the air flowing beneath it causing a decrease in pressure to do the Bernoulli Effect and increase in downforce. The Venturi Effect is the reason for front ground effects, which feature small air ducts or venturi tunnels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...both worlds for its purpose, the dragster. The Dragster has extremely wide rear tires for acceleration and to keep it going straight. The dragster has extremely thin tires in the front to reduce rolling resistance and because handling is not a concern the car goes in a straight line it does not need to turn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to have a fast and efficient car all these things I have discussed need to be taken into consideration. A fast car should be designed with aerodynamic surfaces for a balance of maximum production of downforce and minimum drag creating surfaces. It should have as small an engine as possible to reduce mass and reduce the necessary size of the frontal area, but a large enough engine to be able to produce enough horsepower to be able to create more force than the resistance the car faces to accelerate and enough to balance with those forces at high speeds. The tires should be wide enough for fast acceleration and good cornering but not so wide it creates large amounts of rolling resistance. Your overall best example of such a car would be formula one races or Indy cars because they have to have good handling, fast acceleration and reach and maintain high speeds.

Supermarket Project :: essays papers

Supermarket Project After a quick stop by my place of work on Saturday afternoon, I ventured across the street to the local Albertson’s grocery store. This excursion was an oddity to say the least as I couldn’t recall a time before high school when I was ever in a grocery store before dark. This, I figured, made a very familiar environment seem very alien to my senses. The purpose this was, and I knew I was correct in my decision-making as I found it difficult to locate a parking space that was not already occupied near the store. That was only the beginning of what I knew would be an interesting study of this diverse communal setting. After finally parking about a football field’s length from the entrance of the market, I made my way, in the heat of the day, to the front doors. On my way, my back began to sweat, and by the time I got inside, I could feel a cold liquid running down my back as a result of the blasting cool, crisp air. The temperature contrast was astonishing on either side of the doorway. I continued to walk in the same direction in the store while cold impulses rose through my back. I made my way from front to back about four times when I decided to sit down in the coffee and breakfast lounge. That’s when I took out my notepad and recalled what I had witnessed during my stroll about the isles. First, I recounted the obvious odor of the environment. It was a mix of fresh laundry, potpourri, and crisp fruit amid the gentle breeze of the air to create a manufactured, yet homely, feeling. I also noticed the brightness and contrast of my surroundings. The huge fluorescent lamps, which hung from the high ceiling, illuminated well the white shelves and heavily waxed white and green tile floors. The walls were a dark green and black having many contours that gave a great sense of depth to the entire store. In the area where I sat, the lighting was much more dim, giving a warm, cozy approach to it. I certainly was drawn to it unconsciously for that reason. After realizing the independent variables of this unique place, I took aim at the human role in the store. In this afternoon setting, I found that there were four distinguishable groups of people.

Essay --

Following WW I in the 1920’s, there was a decade of an economical explosion. The post-war era brought about many changes. Businesses showed great profits, migration to big cities of industrial companies occurred with the hopes of making a better life, people were given the opportunity to purchase things on credit, while others borrowed money making poor decisions buying high priced stocks with the intention of selling stocks for a profits to repay lenders. When Black Tuesday occurred on October 29, 1929, this marked the beginning of the Great Depression that left devastating economic hardships for the American people. Although it was always my belief that the stock market crash was the sole contributor of the Great Depression, there was actually a number of contributing factors that ultimately led to the great crash. The economic boom made it possible for companies to became more efficient with manufacturing and began stockpiling goods, once this occurred companies had to cut back on production. The wealthy stopped buying which led to further stockpiling. The work...

Mold level control devices and systems

IntroductionContinuous casting of steel is a procedure with many factors involved. If any of those factors are non controlled it can hold inauspicious effects to both the steel produced and the equipment bring forthing it. This paper will briefly travel over the demands and equipment needed to adequately command the degree of steel in a uninterrupted casting cast every bit good as jobs that arise if non decently controlled.Reason For ControlThe steel ‘s semilunar cartilage ( top of liquid ) needs to be monitored and controlled for a figure of different grounds. The most obvious grounds are to forestall the steel from overruning the cast or from the cast going drained. Both of those instances would ensue in liquefied steel falling onto the equipment below the cast, doing harm and halting of the procedure. Steel over the cast will slop out and it will besides forestall lubrication from come ining the cast pit. In the instance of excessively small steel nowadays in the cast, the s um of clip the steel is in contact with the cast will be excessively short. If the outer part of the steel does non pass adequate clip near the cast walls, a shell of equal thickness to incorporate the internally liquid steel will non be formed. This would do a jailbreak, leaking molten steel and holding production every bit good. If it was merely those two extremes mentioned above, the allowable degree in the cast would be big and merely necessitate a simple method to keep steel degree within that scope. But it has been noticed industrially that fluctuations in the semilunar cartilage degree can hold noticeable effects on the surface quality of the ensuing product1,2. The formation of laps and bleeds on the steel surface every bit good as deepened oscillation markers have been accredited to limitations on lubrication flow caused by traveling semilunar cartilages. Laps and bleeds are proposed to be caused when lubrication is blocked and the outer steel shell is allowed to touch the cast wall1. That contact bonds the two surfaces together doing cryings to organize in the steel tegument let go ofing liquefied steel. Even the cause of lubrication loss can be its ain job. If the limitation is caused by the semilunar cartilage making the scoria rim, the rim can do denting in the steel surface and can be broken off onto the steel surface through scratch ( Fig. 1 ) . The deepness of oscillation Markss formed by the cast ‘s oscillation is related to the fluctuation way of the meniscus2. Since oscillation Markss are a byproduct of the speed differences between the cast and steel during denudation, a alteration in the semilunar cartilage degree would alter the comparative speed between the two. So, when the semilunar cartilage rises, more steel progresss per oscillation shot which increases the distance between markers but besides increasing the deepness of the marker ( Fig. 2 ) . On the other manus, when the steel degree in the cast lowers, the antonym is seen and the markers are closer together but each is shallower because of it.Equipment To MonitorThe basic mold degree control systems relied merely on feeling devices at the cast to supervise the degree of the steel within it. Two chief options for the finding of steel degree are thermally supervising the cast or optical review of the meniscus1,3. The thermic method requires the installing of thermocouples within the cast above the coveted steel degree. The temperature at the thermocouples can be used to find their distance from the liquefied steel. The job with this method was complication in graduating it, since the temperature-to-distance computation would necessitate the thermocouples ‘ exact distances up the cast and within the cast every bit good as the heat transportation rate through the cast, its chilling rate and the initial temperature of the steel. A presently preferred method is an optical detector positioned above the cast that straight observes the steel degree. Other countries that require monitoring are the usher axial rotations, the tundish, and the province of the tundish-to-mold flow regulator ( either a stopper rod or a slide gate valve ) ( Fig. 3 ) 4. The set projecting velocity of the steel is monitored through the usher rolls below the cast. The tundish is monitored to find the deepness of steel in the tundish since its ensuing metallostatic force per unit area caput will impact the flow velocity into the cast. The place of the flow regulator is required so that the cross sectional country of the tundish-to-mold flow can be calculated. Many parts are needed to interact with each other to travel a flow regulator3. At the regulator itself there are motion limitation forces to see. For slide gate valves both clash with its holder and force per unit area from the fluxing steel can impact motion, while for a stopper rod clash against the liquid steel every bit good as perkiness within that liquid demand to be considered. About all flow regulators are moved by usage of a hydraulic device. The force per unit area within a hydraulic cylinder is non ever of a degree to do motion, so the hold clip to construct up equal force per unit area to travel the flow regulator should be noted. The other beginning of response hold is from the electrical detector commanding the hydraulic system. All electrical switches have a deadband value which is the minimal electromotive force signal needed to trip a response. Taken together, the holds caused from electromotive force and force per unit area build up and get the better ofing clash ca n show about half a 2nd hold between computing machine bid and physical accommodation.Computer Control MethodsAll the centripetal readings are inputted into a dynamic control system that determines what accommodations are needed to command the steel degree in the cast. The exact type of control system used presently is a closed-loop automatic control regulator ( Fig. 4 ) 5. This type of accountant does non necessitate human input, regulates the end product ( in this instance steel degree ) to a set value, and mentions prior end product readings for future determinations. The accountant is divided into two chief countries of concern: bid response and perturbation rejection3. Command response trades with doing major accommodations to the system to make the programmed steel level3. This is accomplished by executing a mass-flow balance for the mold4. This portion of the accountant modus operandi is dominate when the cast is ab initio make fulling up or when the degree of steel demands to be changed to a new set point. Once the coveted degree is reached in the cast, all that is required of this portion of the control plan is to maintain the incoming volume rate equal to the outgoing volume rate. The outgoing rate is equal to the projecting velocity from the usher axial rotations multiplied by the face country of the casting. The ingoing rate is based on the tundish-to-mold flowing velocity caused by the deepness of steel in the tundish and its corrected flow country. Adjustment is needed for computation of the ingoing volume rate since frictional forces curtailing flow alteration based on flow speed and turbulency. Disturbance rejection trades with minimising the mistake difference between the current steel degree and the mark steel level3. When the steel degree is near to the mark value, the bid response is used maintain the current mold degree while the perturbation rejection everyday Acts of the Apostless to rectify for minor fluctuations in steel degree. These fluctuations from the mark are normally the consequence of nose clogging, but can besides be caused by other things. There are two major methods for minimising mistake, through a formulated response or through an expert system. A expression modus operandi at the simplest contains a relative invariable that is multiplied by the mistake to rectify the end product system4. While this corrects for the mistake it besides can bring forth extra fluctuation in the steel degree, unless a differential invariable is besides used. By multiplying a changeless by the rate of steel degree fluctuation the rectification response is damped and will settle to the mark degree bit by bit. By utilizing this, the mark degree will non be overshoot ensuing in changeless gap and shutting of the flow regulator and seting unnecessary wear on it. Additional expression parts, like a fuzzed control term, can be used to accelerate response4,6. An expert system everyday uses pre-programmed responses for outputs7,8. It takes the input degrees, and based on anterior technology cognition, picks a predetermined action. While this everyday type is faster and simpler to make than a formula modus operandi, it does non hold the same degree of preciseness.DrumheadThe surface quality of uninterrupted dramatis personae steel can be greatly affected by motion of the steel semilunar cartilage in the cast. To acquire the best surface quality possible, the fluctuation scope of the semilunar cartilage should be minimized every bit much as possible. Through supervising the volume flow rates into and out of the cast, every bit good as the alteration in steel degree, the steel degree in the cast can be controlled. In add-on, jobs with steel flow into the cast can be corrected for by usage of computing machine modus operandis.Mentions1. S. Kumar, B. N. Walker, I. V. Samarasekera, and J. K. Brimacombe: â€Å"Chaos at the Meniscus – The Genesis of Defects in Continuously Cast Steel Billets† , 1995, 13th PTD Conference Proceedings, pp.119-141 2. B. G. Thomas, M. S. Jenkins, and R. B. Mahapatra: â€Å"Investigation of Strand Surface Defects Using Mould Instrumentation and Modelling† , 2004, Ironmaking and Steelmaking, Vol.31, No.6, pp.485-494 3. H. L. Gilles, J. A. Stofanak, I. W. Whiteman, and J. W. Brunicon: â€Å"Dynamic Modeling of Slab Caster Mold Level Control† , 1995, 13th PTD Conference Proceedings, pp.263-277 4. D. Lee, Y. Kueon, and S. Lee: â€Å"High Performance Hybrid Mold Level Controller for Thin Slab Caster† , 2004, Control Engineering Practice 12, pp.275-281 5. G. F. Franklin, J. D. Powell, and A. Emami-Naeini: Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems, 4th Ed. , 2002 6. E. J. Saarelainen, P. Lautala, M. Inkinen, and J. Johansson: â€Å"Steel Caster Mold Level Control Using Fuzzy Logic† , 1995, 13th PTD Conference Proceedings, pp397-402 7. Y. S. Kueon, and S. Y. Yoo: â€Å"Mold Level Control in Continuous Caster Via Nonlinear Control Technique† , 1997, Automation in the Steel Industry 8. T. Watanabe, K. Omura, M. Konishi, S. Watanabe, and K. Furukawa: â€Å"Mold Level Control in Continuous Caster by Neural Network Model† , 1999, ISIJ International, Vol.39, No.10, pp.1053-1060

Investigation for Magnesium Oxide

Hypothesis – The idea I aim to test in this experiment is the relationship between the mass of magnesium and mass of oxygen once the magnesium has been heated and reacted with the oxygen. There will be 3 variables in this experiment. The independent variable will be the mass of magnesium ribbon as different measurements will be taken and used for each trial. The dependant variable will be the mass of Magnesium Oxide, this is a measured variable as the mass of oxygen can be calculated and will enable us to determine the formula for Magnesium Oxide. The controlled variable is that the Magnesium used is possibly from the same ribbon and after being cut into lengths was stored in the same way in plastic containers. Preliminary – I originally did a preliminary test with Iron wool where we used a similar method but Testthe iron wool was held over the flame by tongs and not contained within a crucible. We learnt from this experiment the importance of the crucible to contain all of the metal for an accurate test because the iron wool broke off as it heated and we were left with a lot of the iron wool on the bench mats around the Bunsen burner so our calculation of the mass of iron oxide was not accurate as we had not contained all the wool and couldn’t accurately collect the pieces around that had come away, therefore no giving a true mass of Iron Oxide. Prediction – I predict that when the magnesium and the Oxygen combine and react together the magnesium will oxidise and become heavier. I expect to see a straight line pattern from these results as I believe the more Magnesium there is the more Oxygen it will take on to form the Magnesium Oxide and so believe the results should gradually get heavier and heavier as the Magnesium gets heavier and heavier. The equation for this investigation would be Mg + O2 ?MgO which would balance as 2Mg + O2 ? 2MgO. This is done as the Oxygen has two molecules which would need two Magnesium molecules to balance it out. The physical changes I expect to take place are heat and light as I expect the Magnesium to change colour as it is heated up and reacts with the Oxygen. The Chemical changes I expect to take place are that a new substance will be made and a new formula will be formed. A new substance will be made in the form of smoke and the new formula will be MgO. Apparatus – *Goggles*Crucible and Lid *Bench Mat*Tongs *Tripod*Varied lengths of Magnesium ribbon *Bunsen burner*Scales *Pipe-clay triangle*200g weight Method – All the apparatus was set up to ensure that the experiment was carried out safely. Goggles were worn and the bench mat was put in place in case any sparks or parts of the experiment went wrong to protect our eyes and the work surface. The tripod and pipe clay triangle were used to keep the crucible safely above the heat. The Bunsen burner was used to heat the magnesium and was set to a fierce blue flame. The crucible held the Magnesium above the Bunsen burner, and the lid contained as much smoke as possible to help the reaction to take place. The crucible lid and tongs were used to occasionally let in the oxygen and then replace the lid safely. The apparatus was set up as above and as per the diagram to being the experiment. I first checked the scales using a 200g weight to check their accuracy. When I weighed the 200g weight on the scales prior to the experiment the scales weighed in at 1. 038kg however, as this was a large weight by comparison to my crucible I didn’t account for this slight measurement in my results as I decided it would make the calculations too low as my crucible was only a fraction of the weight of 200g and so for the purposes of this experiment wouldn’t alter my results enough to justify it. I then measured the crucible without the lid to find out its mass (22. 27g), once recorded I then measured the Magnesium ribbon (0. 9g) I then measured the two together to check the accuracy and got a mass of 22. 56g which meant my previous measurements were reliable. The next step was to put the crucible with the magnesium inside and the lid on onto the pipe clay triangle above the fierce blue flame of the Bunsen burner. The lid remained on only except for occasionally lifting it and quickly replacing it to let more oxygen into the magnesium but to t ry and keep as much smoke in as possible. Once the Magnesium Oxide stopped smoking when the lid was lifted the experiment was complete and I turned off the flame and left the crucible to cool. Once cooled I weighed the crucible with the newly formed Magnesium oxide (22. 72g) and then was able to subtract my previous figure of 22. 56g from this to give a difference of 0. 16g. This 0. 16g was my mass of Oxygen. Results – It can be seen from the results that there is a direct relationship between the mass of Magnesium to start with and the mass of Oxygen in the Magnesium Oxide. Using my results I worked out the ratio between Magnesium and Oxygen, from these results it suggests that the ratio is 1. 2 moles of Magnesium to 1 mole of Oxygen. However you cannot have 1. of an atom and so these results can be rounded up to a ratio of 1:1 which would reflect the equation I had predicted of MgO. Conclusion – The mass of Magnesium got heavier in my experiment by 0. 16g because the Magnesium joined with the Oxygen. Other students’ result ranged from 0. 09 – 0. 46 and apart from one anomalous result the heavier the Magnesium was the higher the mass of Oxygen was. Each measure of Magnesium was only tried once and each measurement was done by an individual and so this may account for the random errors in our findings as shown on the graph, but overall our results were fairly evenly spread. From the results I was able to plot a straight line graph by using a line of best fit; which ran parallel to the theoretical line of best fit. My predictions for this experiment were right as the results show that the more Magnesium ribbon that was used the more oxygen was needed to react with it and so the gradient was steady at about a 450 angle gradually increasing in mass as the Magnesium mass increased. I would say there was one anomalous result as it was significantly below the line of best fit but this can be put down to a number of things such as different scales being used, different people doing each result or simple human error. Our line of best fit was slightly below the theoretical line of best fit for this experiment and I mainly believe this could be due to a systematic error such as the scales we used not being precisely accurate. This may however account for the systematic error of the line of best fit being lower than the theoretical line as that slight change along with random errors may have lowered the results; but the results were still valid as the line of best fit was parallel to the theoretical line meaning we had a constant of the scales being slightly light. As can be seen from the results of our Spearman’s rho and Chi Tests our results were within % of the theoretical results and so this suggests we did an accurate and valid test. We did the Spearman’s rho test as this is a measure of the linear relationship between the two variables and shows us that there is a connection between our results and the theoretical ones. The Spearman’s Rho test shows the accuracy of our res ults and our calculation came in at 98. 7% so it proves our results were very accurate. We did the Chi squared test as this determined whether there was a significant different between the theoretical frequencies and the observed/practical frequencies comparing the validity of the results. At least 95% result in the Chi-squared test would prove to be valid and our result was 99. 99% so it shows our results were definitely valid according to the chi-squared test. We did the Spearman’s and Chi-squared tests via the Excel calculations as shown on the table of results. Evaluation – Overall our results were very accurate but there were some random and systematic errors which could be reduced or resolved if we did further experiments. We could have done re-tests for all the Magnesium masses and taken a mean average of those results to get a more accurate reading this would possibly have reduced any systematic errors. I made the test fair by taking the measurements of the crucible and lid and keeping them the same so that I can compare the results between the Magnesium and Oxygen. Also if the same person had carried out each experiment instead of each student doing a different measurement it may have been more accurate as the method may have changed slightly between each student, for example, one person may have lifted the lid a lot more frequently of for longer periods than another. The difference in the scales will also account for the systematic error as shown on the graph. Also the amount of smoke which was let out during each experiment will have varied between each student as the results were being gathered individually and the amount of smoke which escaped may account for some random errors within our results which is why our results are not all as in line as the theoretical results. And e had to find a line of best fit rather than a clear line which went through each individual result as the theory would suggest. If I were to do this experiment again I would repeat the tests with each mass of Magnesium and take a mean average so as to achieve a more accurate result I would also ensure that each mass of magnesium was the same; as in our experiment some students coiled the Magnesium up in the crucible and others ripped it into little strips. By placing the Magnesium in the crucible in different ways it may affect how much oxygen can get to the ribbon, if it is coiled up for example it may need to be prodded and moved to allow all the Magnesium to have exposure to the Oxygen whereas the smaller strips may be more exposed without as much intervention. On both accounts though if you do need to prod the magnesium in that time you may be letting a lot of smoke out as the lid would obviously need to be off the crucible and so this would also need to be taken into consideration. This is why if the magnesium was placed in the crucible in exactly the same way it would make the results more accurate. To take it one step further you could time the lifting of the lid to make it more accurate, for example, lifting it every 30 seconds for a period of say 2 seconds would mean that each mass of Magnesium would be getting the same time exposed to the oxygen and so a more accurate reading of the amount of Oxygen it gains would be achieved if this was carried out with a stop watch. Also if I were to improve the investigation for next time I would increase the number of Magnesium Masses used to gain a more accurate result and having more results would also make any anomalous results stand out and also expose more random and systematic errors which could be dealt with.

Swot Analysis: Javanet Internet Cafe

SWOT Analysis: JavaNet Internet Cafe Business Overview JavaNet Internet Cafe is to be the first high tech internet cafe in Eugene, Oregon. The cafe will provide computer equipment, as well as high speed internet access as well as coffee and bakery items. The appeal of this company is to provide advanced internet services to the public that may not be affordable in home use. Also, the business plan includes a training staff to assist new internet users in learning the basics of the internet. The goal of this plan is to provide an upscale social and educational environment for those who desire internet access as well as social interaction and technical assistance. Strengths JavaNet has sought out a knowledgeable staff who are eager to teach internet basics to new users. They have purchased state of the art equipment which will appeal to users who may not be able to afford the best equipment in their home or office. The company will offer a higher-class environment than other coffee houses or internet cafes. The amenities will include hard wood tables and booths, track lighting, local art, and upscale coffee house equipment. The business appears to have sufficient capital from grants and investors to maintain operations for the first year. The small scale of the business requires only a small staff, and the business model appropriately includes the necessary management. The market segments are accurately identified as a split between new internet users, and the more experienced â€Å"power users†. The business plan includes appropriate services for both segments. The marketing plan is effective for this type of business. Local advertisement and newspaper ads will be appropriate for the local scale of the business. Weaknesses Like any other technology based company, JavaNet is heavily dependent on a rapidly changing market. Computer technology, to include hardware and software as well as the users evolve very quickly. While computer technology may require the most attention in a dual service business such as this one, the other half should not be neglected. It seems as though not enough thought has gone to the coffee shop aspect of the business. In order to be competitive with the high volume of coffee shops in Eugene, a staff who is knowledgeable and trained in making and serving specialty drinks will also be necessary. Opportunities Since this business was to open in 1998, the demand for public internet access was high. In Eugene, Oregon, JavaNet would be the first cafe to offer internet access as well as specialty coffee. There are several high end coffee suppliers in the region and wholesale cost for quality coffee beans is relatively low compared to resale value. The demand for gourmet coffee is high, and should do well with the quickly growing interest in internet access. At the time, in 1998, home internet access was not affordable for everyone, and the dial up services were certainly not as fast as the T2 connections being offered by JavaNet. Access to new and expensive Software applications would be available to customers that would not normally be available unless the person had access to an office or school computer lab. Threats The greatest threat to this business plan may be offering services that are appealing enough to bring customers from their home to the cafe. As technology advances, the cost of ownership for high tech computing and internet equipment goes down. The equipment that is available in the cafe may soon be available for home purchase at an affordable cost. Having seen the â€Å"future† since the start up of this business, we now know that high speed internet access is available in the home at a very affordable price. Many larger, mainstream food franchises now offer wi-fi (high speed wireless internet access) in their establishments. McDonald's and Starbucks are two of the first companies to offer free wi-fi in almost all of their United States locations. For JavaNet to remain successful and competitive, the owners and staff must continually modify and evolve their business plan to be one step ahead of the services that are offered for in-home use. In 1998, a high speed internet connection along with laser printing and access to popular software, such as Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft Office applications were not affordable to many for home use. Ten years later, most of these items are commonplace in the home. Another threat will be competition from similar businesses. While JavaNet may be at the front of the Cybercafe wave in Eugene, similar businesses will be starting in the near future. The owners and operators must be able to foresee the competition and have the ingenuity to offer cutting edge services that are not available from the competition. References Internet Cafe Business Plan. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 18th, 2009, from http://www. bplans. com/internet_cafe_business_plan/executive_summary_fc. cfm

American Education vs Asian Education Essay

In the past twenty years the United States school system has been accumulating a bit of criticism. Studies have shown that the United States has been lagging exponentially compared to almost all the industrialized countries. This specifically refers to Asian countries that are statistically blowing the U.S. out of the water. In his article â€Å"New Math-Science Study Rates U.S. Students Mediorce At Best† William S. Robinson decusses survey results after students from around the world have taken a science and math test.The survey results in the universal subject of math show us that the U.S. eighth graders have fallen behind, while the twelfth grade level showed only slight improvement.We would potentially look at these education systems as extremes of each other. Each education system being on the different side of the spectrum. Both systems having faults and advantages. Taking the positive aspects from both sides and merging them together, a harmonious education system could be established . In the article â€Å" Strengths, Weaknesses, and Lessons of Japanese Education† James Fallows tells us that in an Asian classroom students will feel an incredible amount of pressure starting from grade school and up, while U.S. teachers are too afraid to raise the bar because of potential discouragement of the student(201). In Japan, University admissions as opposed to grades earned in university, determines what kind of career you can have in Japan. Japanese students will spend most of their time studying in cram schools, unlike American students who spend most of their time socializing. A negative of the Asian school system, is the conformity that must be upheld. This achieves better education because it becomes the â€Å"thing to do†. When everybody is on the same curriculum there is no other choice but to follow the herd. While conformity creates better math students, it demises the aspect of creativity and individuality. The U.S. places a much bigger emphasis on creativity and choice. Thus providing students with opportunities that help them learn about them selves, and develop original ideas. An important characteristic that the U.S. education system lacks, is the idea of effort being directly correlated to success. In her article â€Å" Why Are U.S. Kids Poor In Math† Barbara Vobejda says that the American and  Asian mothers have a diffrent view on what determines their child’s success in school. An American mother thinks that her child’s academic achievement comes from innate ability, while an Asian mother thinks that her childs academic achievement comes from hard work and effort. An Asian mother would demand her child spends hours after school doing homework and studying. An American mother would just say that her child is not good in their subject.Vobeja says that a study has shown that Asian students spend more time in their seats than American students do. American students were out of their seats 21 percent of time, compared to Chinese and Japanese students who were out of their seats 2 percent of the time. Though the American student may think that they work hard, we find that the Asian student is at a much greater level of pressure. As we saw in the previous passage, serious pressure is put on the Asian student. In further examination of the article â€Å"Japan’s School System†, a supporter of the catalytic pressure theme, we find many contrasts to the U.S. views of putting pressure on students . Japanese students attend school six days a week. The school year consists of 220 days compared to the 180 days in the U.S. A third grade Japanese school week consists of eight hours of Japanese, five of arithmetic, three of science, social studies and physical education, two hours of music and art. For an U.S. student this might seem like hell. Yet the only reason this might seem like to much pressure, is because we are judging their system with an ethnocentric point of view. Japanese students think it’s quite OK. Humans are a very dynamic and adept species. We always look at things from our conditioned point of view. Thus, if pressure is increased on the U.S. students, the only ones who would have any complaints are current students. Being dynamic and adept, they too would be able to fulfill the new requirements asked of them. The eastern ideas of pressure could be used as a catalyst for results in the U.S. While as much as we are in need of more pressure on the students, we must retain the creative individual factor at all costs. We are not machines that have identical downloaded brains. In the article â€Å"We Should Cherish our Children’s Freedom To Think†, Kie Ho provides a critical question. He asks, â€Å"If American education is so tragically inferior, why is it that this is  still the country of innovation?† Looking back at the regular Japanese school week, we find that not much attention is brought to music or art. Creativity forms individuality, expression of ideas, and self-fulfillment. This could ruin all the conformity and control of ideas in the Asian student. Our Asian friends could never have that happen now could they. Ho provides an example of an U.S. student taking a role of Lyndon Johnson and debating a student in the role of Ho Chi Minh. An Asian student would never be given a chance to look at things from a different point of view. In all their mathematical glory they have missed the essential human need to express individuality. Most likely that is done with intent. While many Americans yell and scream about their children’s math abilities, they have overlooked the fact why most immigrants come here. This fact is freedom. Which would not be possible without all the creative outlets provided by our school system. In merging these two fundamental ideas of both of the education systems, many new positive effects are felt by the students. An increase of pressure to motivate and accelerate education. The development of ideas and creative outlets, which lead to self-discovery and formation of original and innovative ideas which, fuel our nation. This guarantees freedom and a mind to use it. Americans complain about the core subject of education. That will change with a harder curriculum and more emphasis being placed on effort. We will also continue providing our students with individuality. Asian education can also see positive effects from the development of choice and move away from conformity. The students who do cannot or will not participate in the hard curriculum will now have a choice to develop their creative side. These changes will be hard to make. U.S. students adjusting to a faster harder education. Asians might start to loose control of the masses. In the end it will be beneficial fo r both.

Interview of A Family Friend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interview of A Family Friend - Essay Example The interviewee discussed issues concerning his hobby is football. He also discussed issues related to his dating experience during his college days. Moreover, the informant clearly stated his position regarding gender roles in the contemporary society today. For example, the informant viewed equality in terms gender roles in the society. According to McCarter, both men and women should be accorded equal opportunities in promoting societal growth. Currently, the interviewee is married with two children and considered a senior citizen. He also works in an information technology firm and believes in Christianity. It is believed that family usually comes first in most households today. Families play important roles in the nurturing and growth of family members. Usually consisted of the father, mother and siblings, the father is normally perceived to be the head of the family. Family ensures that all members get access to the basic needs such food, clothing and shelter. They also ensure members are comfortable in their daily experiences. Each and every individual has various life experiences that he or she goes through. The informant, Mr McCarter had an interesting experience in terms of the family experiences. Being the only boy among their siblings, he faced various experiences in terms of the daily chores performed in the house and the general way of living. As a child, McCarter related well with his family members. He performed the tasks assigned to him in time. As he grew into the adolescent stage, at times he ignored chores assigned to him. For example, he says there was a day he deliberately refused to clean the fridge and it was his turn. Grounding was the consequence of his actions. As he matured he had no problems with his parents or sisters. Generally, McCarter had good relationship ties with his family members. This was enabled by the good moral values that were constantly taught by his parents.

Managing a Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing a Brand - Essay Example Brand management is the process that takes control of everything that a brand does and says, managing the way in which it is perceived by others (CIM, 2003). This requires understanding what the brand stands for and how to position it as a brand is a combination of a product’s /service public image (Tregert & Westerlund, 2003). According to Aaker (2004) managing a brand requires the engagement of its people, values and priorities, an innovative strategy, commitment to quality, concern for customers, adaptation to localization strategy, creating good company vibes, and most importantly the size and scope of the firm. Today employees are the critical link between the company and the customer. Brand management integrates the totally different perspectives on two different words – the company and the customer (CIM, 2003). Employees have to deliver the promise of the brand every moment. McDonald's strives to uphold the values of its brand and it is the employees that communicate the brand image effectively (Oakner, 2005). Hence it is important that company’s culture and operations should be aligned with the brand value to provide a competitive advantage. When employees understand the company’s vision and business strategy, when they are taken into confidence and when internal communication is effective, brand equity is assured. This requires internal brand alignment where customer satisfaction is assured. Powerful brands are characterized by strong and enthusiastic leaders who have a passionate belief in a few values. Leaders have to live these values and not just talk about them and when they do so, the employees are more likely to be committed to delivering them (CIM, 2003). Having a focus on brand management gives rise to a corporate persona with a deeply felt set of values which enabl es the brad to have a clear attitude. Brand building requires prioritizing what is important. Most organizations concentrate on brand building only when they are prospering but do not bother about it when the sales and profits are threatened.

Catalysis and catalysts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catalysis and catalysts - Essay Example With this introduction, this essay will demonstrate how catalysts speed up reactions, explain how they work by using the enthalpy reaction profiles, and demonstrate the difference between the heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts and showing examples (Bruice, 2007). A reaction can be sped up by a catalyst since they offer an optional route for the reactions to happen. They lessen the necessary reaction energy for the reactants to create products, therefore, atoms; at any given time will have the necessary energy for activation in order for the products to form. This principle is based on the collision particle theory (Gates, 1992) Reactant molecules interaction with catalysts to provide other routes for the response that connects a lower activation as compared to that of the non-catalyzed reactions. Many of the molecules that interact have energies that are bigger as compared to the lower enthalpy activation. Many of the collisions therefore end in a successful reaction and the conversion rates of reactant to product are enhanced and this demonstrates how catalysts function through enthalpy profiles (McNaught and Wilkinson, 1997) The two main groups of catalysts are homogeneous and heterogeneous. The catalyst in a heterogeneous reaction is in a diverse state as compared to the reactant. Catalyst in a homogeneous reaction is in a similar state as the reactant(Bell, 1973). This is pointless, in practice, because ethane that is extremely useful is being converted to ethane that is relatively useless. The same reaction however will occur with any compound having a double bond of carbon-carbon. In the vegetable oils hydrogenation one of the vital industrial applications is in its use in making margarine that also entails carbon-carbon double bond reaction in the vegetable oil with a nickel catalyst having a hydrogen presence. Hydrogen is created as before a link with the carbon, and that eventually also ends up breaking free. On the nickel’s surface

Three major causes of soil erosion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three major causes of soil erosion - Essay Example Sheet erosion is caused by the effect of rainfall on the surface soil. The force of water running downhill caused by adequate rainfall could remove the soil particles on the surface and carry it towards the lower areas. The heavier the rainfall is or the longer the rain occurs, the more soil particles are taken from its original position. Sheet erosion is definitely a natural phenomenon. However, the degree of erosion can be determined also by natural and artificial factors. The most effective natural means of preventing sheet erosion is vegetation. This is because â€Å"sheet erosion mainly occurs under conditions where the soil surface is insufficiently protected by vegetation cover† (Govers, 2004, p.947). The roots of plants and trees on slopes contribute in reducing the effects of erosion by holding on to the surface soil. Aside from this, the roots also tend to siphon certain amount of the rainwater that seeps into the soil. The foliage also prevents portions of the total rainfall from hitting ground. Human intervention may be necessary in order to prevent soil erosion. Such interventions would include actual planting of trees on slopes that are most vulnerable to erosion due to rainfall.

Filtration and Packaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Filtration and Packaging - Essay Example the determination of the packing material depends on the nature, type, use and duration of the product. The other factors that influence packing are attractive designs, costs, customer preferences etc (History of packaging and types of packaging.2009). One of the significant determinants in selecting the ideal packing material is of course its cost effectiveness. It this regard, glass stands to be the most appropriate one because around 25% of the raw material cost can be attributable to a glass packing material. Whereas it is around 70-80% for a metallic packing material. Use of chemicals and innovations in this area has made glass one of the most popular packing materials now. But this enthusiasm is limited because due to the increased capital expenditure that is related to use of modern sophisticated glass in the packing industry (Packaging Materials. 2011). Glass has lots of interesting peculiarities to be the most popular packing material that consumers prefer. Among other thing s that make glass ideal for food and beverage packing is that they are either transparent or opaque. This makes the customers to have a first hand vision of the product before they buy it. Moreover the strength, and the ability to have a barrier to water as well as gas and inertness to toxic chemical substances, makes glass the ideal choice (PACKAGING MATERIALS. 2009). Consumers all around the globe prefer glass as packing material especially in the case of packing food and other beverages. They are reluctant to use plastic because of its non friendly environmental and health nature. The main facts that make glass popular among the consumers are purity, recyclables, quality, safety and versatility. Glass packaging supports all these things therefore consumers prefer it. Although almost ninety percentages of the consumers prefer glass to be their preferred choice for packing, it is estimated that glass accounts to only ten percentage of the market share for packaging in the food and beverage category. This clearly suggests that some thing is wrong somewhere. Glass packaging even though popular has not been seen in shelves of stores (Glass is The Consumers Preferred Packaging Material. 2011). In spite of being popular with the customers who prefer glass as a packing material, glass suffers from lots of disadvantage. Predominant among them is its disability to withstand shocks. Glass containers are easily breakable. This prompts the customer to take extra care on it. Other that that breakage of containers also creates small glass pieces inside. This if not noticed enters the body of the person who use it resulting in serious health damage and even death. Therefore use of glass containers is not at all recommended especially for children who are more vulnerable to injuries caused by glass through its use. Other main draw backs are compromise on the hermetic seal of the containers, color changes of the product due to more exposure to light. This draw back is so acu te for beverage products where glass containers permit more sunlight to penetrate inside thereby resulting in damages and loss to the product. Although glass has high barrier properties as well as inertness and adaptable to microwave processing, it is sometimes overweight. This overweight somewhat affects the moods of customers too. More and more customers prefer to carry less weighable things rather those products having more weight.